Cygwin 64bit is a collection of tools which provide a Linux look and feel environment for Windows.Cygwin is a DLL (cygwin1.dll) which acts as a Linux API layer providing substantial Linux API functionality. The Cygwin DLL currently works with all recent, commercially released x86 32 bit and 64 bit versions of Windows. Download Cygwin for Windows PC Now! Cygwin is a Linux-based application for Windows that make it easy to port running on POSIX systems including Linux, BSD, and UNIX-based systems to Windows operating systems. Cygwin is one of the largest collections of GNU and open source tools that provide functionality similar to a Linux based distribution on Windows operating systems.
GCC (GNU Compiler Collection)
A Brief History and Introduction to GCC
The original GNU C Compiler (GCC) is developed by Richard Stallman, the founder of the GNU Project. Richard Stallman founded the GNU project in 1984 to create a complete Unix-like operating system as free software, to promote freedom and cooperation among computer users and programmers.
GCC, formerly for 'GNU C Compiler', has grown over times to support many languages such as C (
gcc
), C++ (g++
), Objective-C, Objective-C++, Java (gcj
), Fortran (gfortran
), Ada (gnat
), Go (gccgo
), OpenMP, Cilk Plus, and OpenAcc. It is now referred to as 'GNU Compiler Collection'. The mother site for GCC is http://gcc.gnu.org/. The current version is GCC 7.3, released on 2018-01-25.
GCC is a key component of so-called 'GNU Toolchain', for developing applications and writing operating systems. The GNU Toolchain includes:
- GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): a compiler suite that supports many languages, such as C/C++ and Objective-C/C++.
- GNU Make: an automation tool for compiling and building applications.
- GNU Binutils: a suite of binary utility tools, including linker and assembler.
- GNU Debugger (GDB).
- GNU Autotools: A build system including Autoconf, Autoheader, Automake and Libtool.
- GNU Bison: a parser generator (similar to lex and yacc).
GCC is portable and run in many operating platforms. GCC (and GNU Toolchain) is currently available on all Unixes. They are also ported to Windows (by Cygwin, MinGW and MinGW-W64). GCC is also a cross-compiler, for producing executables on different platform.
GCC Versions
The various GCC versions are:
- GCC version 1 (1987): Initial version that support C.
- GCC version 2 (1992): supports C++.
- GCC version 3 (2001): incorporating ECGS (Experimental GNU Compiler System), with improve optimization.
- GCC version 4 (2005):
- GCC version 5 (2015):
- GCC Version 6 (2016):
- GCC Version 7 (2017):
C++ Standard Support
There are various C++ standards:
- C++98
- C++11 (aka C++0x)
- C++14 (aka C++1y)
- C++17 (aka C++1z)
- C++2a (next planned standard in 2020)
The default mode is C++98 for GCC versions prior to 6.1, and C++14 for GCC 6.1 and above. You can use command-line flag
-std
to explicitly specify the C++ standard. For example,
-std=c++98
, or-std=gnu++98
(C++98 with GNU extensions)-std=c++11
, or-std=gnu++11
(C++11 with GNU extensions)-std=c++14
, or-std=gnu++14
(C++14 with GNU extensions), default mode for GCC 6.1 and above.-std=c++17
, or-std=gnu++17
(C++17 with GNU extensions), experimental.-std=c++2a
, or-std=gnu++2a
(C++2a with GNU extensions), experimental.
Installing GCC on Unixes
GNU Toolchain, including GCC, is included in all Unixes. It is the standard compiler for most Unix-like operating systems.
Installing GCC on Mac OS X
Open a Terminal, and enter '
gcc --version
'. If gcc
is not installed, the system will prompt you to install gcc
.
Installing GCC on Windows
For Windows, you could either install Cygwin GCC, MinGW GCC or MinGW-W64 GCC. Read 'How to install Cygwin and MinGW'.
- Cygwin GCC: Cygwin is a Unix-like environment and command-line interface for Microsoft Windows. Cygwin is huge and includes most of the Unix tools and utilities. It also included the commonly-used Bash shell.
- MinGW: MinGW (Minimalist GNU for Windows) is a port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and GNU Binutils for use in Windows. It also included MSYS (Minimal System), which is basically a Bourne shell (
bash
). - MinGW-W64: a fork of MinGW that supports both 32-bit and 64-bit windows.
Various GCCs under Cygwin
There are many GCCs under Cygain/MinGW. To differentiate these variations, you need to understand the followings:
- Windows/Intel uses these instruction sets: x86 is a 32-bit instruction set; i868 is a 32-bit enhanced version of x86; x86_64 (or amd64) is a 64-bit instruction set.
- 32-bit compilers/programs can run on 32-bit or 64-bit (backward compatible) Windows, but 64-bit compiler can only run on 64-bit Windows.
- 64-bit compilers may produce target of 32-bit or 64-bit.
- If you use Cygwin's GCC, the target could be native Windows or Cygwin. If the target is native Windows, the code can be distributed and run under Windows. However, if the target is Cygwin, to distribute, you need to distribute Cygwin runtime environment (
cygwin1.dll
). This is because Cygwin is a Unix emulator under Windows.
MinGW-W64 Target 32/64-bit Native Windows
The MinGW-W64 (a fork of MinGW, available at http://mingw-w64.org/doku.php) supports target of both 32-bit and 64-bit native Windows. You can install 'MinGW-W64' under 'Cygwin' by selecting these packages (under 'devel' category):
mingw64-x86_64-gcc-core
: 64-bit C compiler for target of native 64-bit Windows. The executable is 'x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc
'.mingw64-x86_64-gcc-g++
: 64-bit C++ compiler for target of native 64-bit Windows. The executable is 'x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++
'.mingw64-i686-gcc-core
: 64-bit C compiler for target of native 32-bit Windows. The executable is 'i686-w64-mingw32-gcc
'.mingw64-i686-gcc-g++
: 64-bit C++ compiler for target of native 32-bit Windows. The executable is 'i686-w64-mingw32-g++
'.
Notes:
- I suggest you install '
mingw64-x86_64-gcc-core
' and 'mingw64-x86_64-gcc-g++
' to provide native 64-bit Windows codes, but skip 'mingw64-i686-gcc-core
' and 'mingw64-i686-gcc-g++
', unless you need to produce 32-bit Windows applications. - For JNI (Java Native Interface) in 64-bit Java, you need to use '
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc
' or 'x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++
' to produce 64-bit native Windows code.
Run the executables and check the versions:
Other GCCs in Cygwin
Other GCC packages in Cygwin are:
gcc-core, gcc-g++
: Basic 64-bit C/C++ compiler target 64-bit Cygwin. You probably should install these two packages too. However, to distribute the code produced, you need to distribute Cygwin Runtime Environment (cygwin1.dll
). This is because Cygwin is a Unix emulator under Windows.cygwin32-gcc-core, cygwin32-gcc-g++
: Older 32-bit C/C++ compiler for target 32-bit Cygwin (Obsoleted bygcc-code
andgcc-g++
?).mingw-gcc-core, mingw-gcc-g++
: Older MinGW 32-bit C/C++ compiler for 32-bit Windows (Obsoleted by MinGW-W64 packages?).
Post Installation
Versions
You could display the version of GCC via
--version
option:
More details can be obtained via
-v
option, for example,
Help
You can get the help manual via the
--help
Quik gopro for mac. option. For example,
Man Pages
You can read the GCC manual pages (or man pages) via the
man
utility:
Reading man pages under CMD or Bash shell can be difficult. You could generate a text file via:
The
col
utility is needed to strip the backspace. (For Cygwin, it is available in 'Utils', 'util-linux' package.)
Alternatively, you could look for an online man pages, e.g., http://linux.die.net/man/1/gcc.
The GCC man pages are kept under '
usr/share/man/man1
'.
Getting Started
The GNU C and C++ compiler are called
gcc
and g++
, respectively.
Compile/Link a Simple C Program - hello.c
Below is the Hello-world C program
hello.c
:
Legend of mana psp iso download. To compile the
hello.c
:
The default output executable is called '
a.exe
' (Windows) or 'a.out
' (Unixes and Mac OS X).
To run the program:
Notes for Unixes and Bash Shell:
- In Bash shell, the default PATH does not include the current working directory. Hence, you need to include the current path (
./
) in the command. (Windows include the current directory in the PATH automatically; whereas Unixes do not - you need to include the current directory explicitly in the PATH.) - You also need to include the file extension, if any, i.e., '
./a.out
'. - In Unixes, the output file could be '
a.out
' or simply 'a
'. Furthermore, you need to assign executable file-mode (x) to the executable file 'a.out
', via command 'chmod a+x filename
' (add executable file-mode '+x
' to all users 'a+x
').
To specify the output filename, use
-o
option:
NOTE for Unixes:
- In Unixes, we typically omit the
.exe
file extension (meant for Windows only), and simply name the output executable ashello
(via command 'gcc -o hello hello.c
'. - You need to assign executable file mode via command '
chmod a+x hello
'.
Compile/Link a Simple C++ Program - hello.cpp
You need to use g++ to compile C++ program, as follows. We use the
-o
option to specify the output file name.
More GCC Compiler Options
A few commonly-used GCC compiler options are:
-o
: specifies the output executable filename.-Wall
: prints 'all
' Warning messages.-g
: generates additional symbolic debuggging information for use withgdb
debugger.
Compile and Link Separately
The above command compile the source file into object file and
link
with other object files and system libraries into executable in one step. You may separate compile and link in two steps as follows:
The options are:
-c
: Compile into object file 'Hello.o
'. By default, the object file has the same name as the source file with extension of '.o
' (there is no need to specify-o
option). No linking with other object files or libraries.- Linking is performed when the input file are object files '
.o
' (instead of source file '.cpp
' or '.c
'). GCC uses a separate linker program (calledld.exe
) to perform the linking.
Compile and Link Multiple Source Files
Suppose that your program has two source files:
file1.cpp
, file2.cpp
. You could compile all of them in a single command:
However, we usually compile each of the source files separately into object file, and link them together in the later stage. In this case, changes in one file does not require re-compilation of the other files.
Compile into a Shared Library
To compile and link C/C++ program into a shared library (
'.dll'
in Windows, '.so'
in Unixes), use -shared
option. Read 'Java Native Interface' for example.
GCC Compilation Process
GCC compiles a C/C++ program into executable in 4 steps as shown in the above diagram. For example, a '
gcc -o hello.exe hello.c
' is carried out as follows:
- Pre-processing: via the GNU C Preprocessor (
cpp.exe
), which includes the headers (#include
) and expands the macros (#define
). The resultant intermediate file 'hello.i
' contains the expanded source code. - Compilation: The compiler compiles the pre-processed source code into assembly code for a specific processor. The
-S
option specifies to produce assembly code, instead of object code. The resultant assembly file is 'hello.s
'. - Assembly: The assembler (
as.exe
) converts the assembly code into machine code in the object file 'hello.o
'. - Linker: Finally, the linker (
ld.exe
) links the object code with the library code to produce an executable file 'hello.exe
'.
Verbose Mode (-v)
You can see the detailed compilation process by enabling
-v
(verbose) option. For example,
Defining Macro (-D)
You can use the
-Dname
option to define a macro, or -Dname=value
to define a macro with a value. The value
should be enclosed in double quotes if it contains spaces.
Headers (.h), Static Libraries (.lib, .a) and Shared Library (.dll, .so)
Static Library vs. Shared Library
A library is a collection of pre-compiled object files that can be linked into your programs via the linker. Examples are the system functions such as
printf()
and sqrt()
.
There are two types of external libraries: static library and shared library.
- A static library has file extension of '
.a
' (archive file) in Unixes or '.lib
' (library) in Windows. When your program is linked against a static library, the machine code of external functions used in your program is copied into the executable. A static library can be created via the archive program 'ar.exe
'. - A shared library has file extension of '
.so
' (shared objects) in Unixes or '.dll
' (dynamic link library) in Windows. When your program is linked against a shared library, only a small table is created in the executable. Before the executable starts running, the operating system loads the machine code needed for the external functions - a process known as dynamic linking. Dynamic linking makes executable files smaller and saves disk space, because one copy of a library can be shared between multiple programs. Furthermore, most operating systems allows one copy of a shared library in memory to be used by all running programs, thus, saving memory. The shared library codes can be upgraded without the need to recompile your program.
Because of the advantage of dynamic linking, GCC, by default, links to the shared library if it is available.
You can list the contents of a library via '
nm filename
'.
Searching for Header Files and Libraries (-I, -L and -l)
When compiling the program, the compiler needs the header files to compile the source codes; the linker needs the libraries to resolve external references from other object files or libraries. The compiler and linker will not find the headers/libraries unless you set the appropriate options, which is not obvious for first-time user.
For each of the headers used in your source (via
#include
directives), the compiler searches the so-called include-paths for these headers. The include-paths are specified via -Idir
option (or environment variable CPATH
). Since the header's filename is known (e.g., iostream.h
, stdio.h
), the compiler only needs the directories.
The linker searches the so-called library-paths for libraries needed to link the program into an executable. The library-path is specified via
-Ldir
option (uppercase 'L'
followed by the directory path) (or environment variable LIBRARY_PATH
). In addition, you also have to specify the library name. In Unixes, the library libxxx.a
is specified via -lxxx
option (lowercase letter 'l'
, without the prefix 'lib
' and '.a
' extension). In Windows, provide the full name such as -lxxx.lib
. The linker needs to know both the directories as well as the library names. Hence, two options need to be specified.
Default Include-paths, Library-paths and Libraries
Try list the default include-paths in your system used by the 'GNU C Preprocessor' via '
cpp -v
':
Try running the compilation in verbose mode (
-v
) to study the library-paths (-L
) and libraries (-l
) used in your system:
Eclipse CDT: In Eclipse CDT, you can set the include paths, library paths and libraries by right-click on the project ⇒ Properties ⇒ C/C++ General ⇒ Paths and Symbols ⇒ Under tabs 'Includes', 'Library Paths' and 'Libraries'. The settings are applicable to the selected project only.
GCC Environment Variables
GCC uses the following environment variables:
PATH
: For searching the executables and run-time shared libraries (.dll
,.so
).CPATH
: For searching the include-paths for headers. It is searched after paths specified in-I<dir>
options.C_INCLUDE_PATH
andCPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH
can be used to specify C and C++ headers if the particular language was indicated in pre-processing.LIBRARY_PATH
: For searching library-paths for link libraries. It is searched after paths specified in -L<dir>
options.
Utilities for Examining the Compiled Files
For all the GNU utilities, you can use '
command --help
' to list the help menu; or 'man command
' to display the man pages.
'file' Utility - Determine File Type
The utility '
file
' can be used to display the type of object files and executable files. For example,
'nm' Utility - List Symbol Table of Object Files
The utility '
nm
' lists symbol table of object files. For example,
'nm' is commonly-used to check if a particular function is defined in an object file. A
'T'
in the second column indicates a function that is defined, while a 'U'
indicates a function which is undefined and should be resolved by the linker.
'ldd' Utility - List Dynamic-Link Libraries
The utility '
ldd
' examines an executable and displays a list of the shared libraries that it needs. For example,
GNU Make
The '
make
' utility automates the mundane aspects of building executable from source code. 'make
' uses a so-called makefile
, which contains rules on how to build the executables.
You can issue '
make --help
' to list the command-line options; or 'man make
' to display the man pages.
First Makefile By Example
Let's begin with a simple example to build the Hello-world program (
hello.c
) into executable (hello.exe
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Create the following file named 'makefile' (without any file extension), which contains rules to build the executable, and save in the same directory as the source file. Use 'tab' to indent the command (NOT spaces).
Run the '
make
' utility as follows:
Running
make
without argument starts the target 'all
' in the makefile
. A makefile consists of a set of rules. A rule consists of 3 parts: a target, a list of pre-requisites and a command, as follows:
The target and pre-requisites are separated by a colon (
:
). The command must be preceded by a tab (NOT spaces).
When
make
is asked to evaluate a rule, it begins by finding the files in the prerequisites. If any of the prerequisites has an associated rule, make attempts to update those first.
Darwin Vs Linux
In the above example, the rule '
all
' has a pre-requisite 'hello.exe
'. make
cannot find the file 'hello.exe
', so it looks for a rule to create it. The rule 'hello.exe
' has a pre-requisite 'hello.o
'. Again, it does not exist, so make
looks for a rule to create it. The rule 'hello.o
' has a pre-requisite 'hello.c
'. make
checks that 'hello.c
' exists and it is newer than the target (which does not exist). It runs the command 'gcc -c hello.c
'. The rule 'hello.exe
' then run its command 'gcc -o hello.exe hello.o
'. Finally, the rule 'all
' does nothing.
Roku cast mac app. More importantly, if the pre-requisite is not newer than than target, the command will not be run. In other words, the command will be run only if the target is out-dated compared with its pre-requisite. For example, if we re-run the make command:
You can also specify the target to be made in the
make
command. For example, the target 'clean
' removes the 'hello.o
' and 'hello.exe
'. You can then run the make
without target, which is the same as 'make all
'.
Try modifying the '
hello.c
' and run make
.
NOTES:
- If the command is not preceded by a tab, you get an error message 'makefile:4: *** missing separator. Stop.'
- If there is no
makefile
in the current directory, you get an error message 'make: *** No targets specified and no makefile found. Stop.' - The makefile can be named '
makefile
', 'Makefile
' or 'GNUMakefile
', without file extension.
More on Makefile
Comment & Continuation
A comment begins with a
#
and lasts till the end of the line. Long line can be broken and continued in several lines via a back-slash (
).
Syntax of Rules
A general syntax for the rules is:
The rules are usually organized in such as way the more general rules come first. Best mac customization apps. The overall rule is often name '
all
', which is the default target for make
.
Phony Targets (or Artificial Targets)
A target that does not represent a file is called a phony target. For example, the '
clean
' in the above example, which is just a label for a command. If the target is a file, it will be checked against its pre-requisite for out-of-date-ness. Free word download for macbook. Phony target is always out-of-date and its command will be run. The standard phony targets are: all
, clean
, install
.
Variables
A variable begins with a
$
and is enclosed within parentheses (.)
or braces {.}
. Single character variables do not need the parentheses. For example, $(CC)
, $(CC_FLAGS)
, $@
, $^
.
Automatic Variables
Yg ride with me download. Automatic variables are set by make after a rule is matched. There include:
$@
: the target filename.$*
: the target filename without the file extension.$<
: the first prerequisite filename.$^
: the filenames of all the prerequisites, separated by spaces, discard duplicates.$+
: similar to$^
, but includes duplicates.$?
: the names of all prerequisites that are newer than the target, separated by spaces.
Live streaming software for mac. For example, we can rewrite the earlier makefile as:
Virtual Path - VPATH & vpath
You can use
VPATH
(uppercase) to specify the directory to search for dependencies and target files. For example,
You can also use
vpath
(lowercase) to be more precise about the file type and its search directory. For example,
Pattern Rules
Cygwin Terminal For Mac
A pattern rule, which uses pattern matching character
'%'
as the filename, can be applied to create a target, if there is no explicit rule. For example,
Implicit Pattern Rules
Make comes with a huge set of implicit pattern rules. You can list all the rule via
--print-data-base
option.
A Sample Makefile
This sample makefile is extracted from Eclipse's 'C/C++ Development Guide -Makefile'.
Brief Summary
I have presented the basic make features here so that you can read and understand simple makefiles for building C/C++ applications. Make is actually quite complex, and can be considered as a programming language by itself!!
REFERENCES & RESOURCES
- GCC Manual 'Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)' @ http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs.
- GNU 'make' manual @ http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html.
- Robert Mecklenburg, 'Managing Projects with GNU Make', 3rd Edition, 2004.
On Windows, configuring CLion requires setting up the environment: Cygwin, MinGW, WSL, or MSVC. You can have several environments installed on your system and create separate CLion toolchains for each of them. As a determining part of a toolchain, the environment provides C and C++ compilers, the make utility, and the debugger (in case of using default tools).
Cygwin
-
Download the Cygwin installer, version 2.8 or later.
-
Run the installer and select the following packages:
- gcc-g++
- make
- cmake
- gdb
To select a package, type its name in the Search field and then click it in the list until a tick mark appears in the Bin? column: -
Once the installation is finished, open CLion and go to File | Settings | Build, Execution, Deployment | Toolchains. Choose the toolchain that you want to configure.
-
Select Cygwin from the Environment list. CLion will attempt to detect the Cygwin installation automatically. Check the detection result, and specify the path manually if required.
-
Wait until the tools detection finishes, and press Apply.
MinGW
-
Download the MinGW or MinGW-W64 installer.
-
Run the installer and select the following packages in the Basic Setup list: mingw-developer-tool, mingw32-base, mingw32-gcc-g++, mingw32-msys-base.
-
Once the installation is finished, open CLion and go to File | Settings | Build, Execution, Deployment | Toolchains. Choose the toolchain that you want to configure.
-
Select MinGW from the Environment list. CLion will attempt to detect the MinGW installation automatically. Check the detection result, and specify the path manually if required.
-
Wait until the tools detection finishes. If CLion cannot detect compilers or make, double-check the installed packages in MinGW Installation Manager. Press Apply when all the tools are set correctly.
Windows Subsystem for Linux
Cygwin Macro
You can use WSL, Windows Subsystem for Linux, as your working environment in CLion on Windows 10 (starting the Fall Creators Update version 1709, build 16299.15).
WSL toolchain enables you to build projects using CMake and compilers from Linux and run/debug on WSL without leaving CLion running on your Windows machine.
Refer to our WSL guide for details on setting up WSL on your system and configuring WSL toolchains in CLion.
Microsoft Visual C++
MSVC compiler
CLion supports the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler that ships with Visual Studio 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019.
Note that msbuild is not supported: CLion runs CMake with the NMAKE generator instead.
-
Install Visual Studio 2013, 2015, 2017, or 2019 on your system.
-
In CLion, go to File | Settings | Build, Execution, Deployment | Toolchains and choose the toolchain that you want to configure.
-
Select Visual Studio from the Environment list. CLion will attempt to automatically detect the installed Visual Studio distribution. If the detection fails, set the path to Visual Studio manually.
-
If required, specify the Architecture (x86, amd64, x86_arm, or another), Platform (store, uwp, onecore, or leave it blank), and Version. To build your project for the selected architecture, CLion will call the script to configure the environment with the specified parameters.
-
Wait until the tools detection finishes. Note that debugger is not available for the MSVC toolchain by default (see the next chapter):
For the case when your code includes MSVC extensions, CLion provides the support for:
-
__uuidof
,__forceinline
,__unaligned
, and__alignof
keywords; -
pointer type attributes:
__ptr32
,__ptr64
,__uptr
,__sptr
; -
MSVC built-in data types:
(unsigned) __int8
,(unsigned) __int16
,(unsigned) __int32
,(unsigned) __int64
,__wchar_t
; -
additional format specifiers, such as
%I32
and%I64
; -
the clang's
-fms-extensions
flag.
Experimental MSVC debugger
Debugging for the MSVC toolchain is available as an experimental feature (disabled by default). The experimental state means that the debugger is currently under development. We recommend you check the list of known issues and limitations in this blog post.
To turn the MSVC debugger on, press Ctrl+Shift+Alt+/ to invoke the Maintenance popup (or call Help | Find Action and search for Maintenance), then choose Experimental features. Select the cidr.debugger.lldb.windows option:
After enabling the experimental debugger, go to the MSVC toolchain settings. The Debugger field will show Bundled LLDB:
This debugger, implemented on top of LLDB, can work with the native visualizers taken from the Visual Studio installation or from your project. To enable them and set the desired diagnostics level, select Enable NatVis renderers for LLDB in Settings | Build, Execution, Deployment | Debugger | Data Views | C/C++:
Also, if you have custom native visualizers in your project, CLion will use them as well:
GDB on Windows
In the case of MinGW, CLion includes the bundled GDB (version 8.3). For Cygwin, you need to install the GDB package in the Cygwin Package Manager, as described in the Cygwin section of this guide.
You can also switch to a custom GDB binary. In this case, the supported GDB versions are 7.8.x-8.3.x.
Cygwin For Mac
Note that for GDB 8.0 and later, debugger output is redirected to CLion console by default. To enable opening an external console window for application input/output, go to Help | Find Action or press Ctrl+Shift+A, search for Registry, and set the following key: cidr.debugger.gdb.workaround.windows.forceExternalConsole.